You should pick your credit card perks like how Warren Buffett picks his stocks, TD Bank exec says

If you’re a Warren Buffett aficionado, you’ll recognize this as his ever-touted “circle of competence,” in which you stick to what you know and leave what you don’t know to those, well, who know. Invest in what you understand and on things that have long-term value, and leave the frequent trading and market volatility to those who know what they’re doing.

It seems as if the king of compounding’s philosophy might not just work for investing but also for picking credit cards—and the perks you get with them.

At least that’s according to Chris Fred, TD Bank’s head of credit cards and unsecured lending, who said sometimes, points chasing (or as how those in the know call it, “churning”) might prove too difficult for the average person.

“Just like Warren Buffett says to buy the index fund, a good flat‑rate card often wins out over all the fancy bonus categories,” Fred told Fortune.

The concept is simple, a la Buffett: If you know what you’re doing, you are fully encouraged to open several cards, each with various amounts of points or cash back per category. If you don’t, you should stick to the “circle of competence” and opt for a blanket cash-back card so you’re not trying to day trade at the checkout counter.

Churning, as a concept

Churning, although a fairly new (re: within the last three decades) concept with regards to credit cards, might be as old as personal finance itself. You might remember the App-O-Rama days of the aughts, in which people tried to fool financial institutions by opening multiple credit cards at once so as not to tank one’s credit score with each pull.

In 1999, David Phillips brought churning to the mainstream by taking advantage of a pudding promotion to earn over 1.25 million frequent flyer miles. (For what it’s worth, credit card perks have just started—take a blast from the past and go though the 2003 webpage of Amex’s offerings to see the beginnings of credit card perks). In the 1900s, banks would encourage folks to open savings accounts with a free $100 or so deposit. And even in the 700s and onwards, people were purchasing silver coins and at face value and turning them into the Mint in England for new coins, worth more than their initial purchasing price.

Long story short, churning, in various forms, has been around for a while. In the credit card world, the r/churning subreddit boasts nearly 30,000 weekly visitors, and even has a whole FAQ section about dissuading the average person from engaging in churning, several reasons that Fred agrees with.

“People think, ‘I can always beat that 2%.’ On average, they don’t,” Fred said.

Fred referenced TD Bank’s three credit card offerings, which includes a 2% cash back on everything, and another base 1% cash back on everything in addition to 2-3% cash back on select categories. When compared to other card issuers that have cardholders remembering which card to use at the pump compared to the restaurant table, Fred says that mental math just isn’t worth it for the average consumer, especially when they never end up beating the blanket 2% cash back they’re guaranteed to get with other cards.

Take, for example, a premium card that offers 4x on dining but only 1x on pharmacies and basic goods. It offers 3x on groceries, 1.5x on travel, but not transportation. The points on dining and groceries may very well exceed the 2% cash back from other cards, but it would be offset by the 1x and 1.5x elsewhere. Then, add in those with multiple cards and you have cardholders who, Fred joked, would need to constantly refer to a spreadsheet to ensure they’re getting the most bang for buck—when a blanket 2% cash back would leave the cardholder without a care in the world knowing they’re getting the most they’ll get.

Add in the annual fees

That’s just the points/cash-back debate. Add in the exorbitant annual fees, and it really becomes a race of using all of your cards’ perks.

“The higher the fee, the more benefits you tend to have,” Fred said. “It’s a dangerous proposition: You’d better start using those benefits, or it’s going to be really hard to justify the fee.”

Some of these cards can cost nearly $1,000—but are marketed as being worth thousands more in perks, only if the cardholder remembers to use it accordingly. Use one card and get a monthly takeout or rideshare credit; use another and get a semi-annual hotel bonus or early access to restaurant reservations, or to exclusive sporting events.

These are designed, Fred said, in a way to discourage the use of it for most users, even of these high annual fee premium credit cards. There’s a reason you have to opt into an offer on your credit card’s portal instead of it being automatically applied as a bill credit. And it’s also the reason that keeps customers coming back.

“Those customers are sticky. They know they’re spending a certain amount each year in annual fees, so they’re vested,” Fred said.

A recent survey by TD Bank’s Merry Money found 79% of consumers are actively seeking coupons, sales, and deals, while 72% of credit-card users planning to use a card for holiday spending expect to apply rewards toward those purchases. Those offers, Fred said, might be how some even budget their credit-card spend.

It gets complicated by the third-party partners who also offer perks to cardholders, which then is how card issuers and cardholders justify the high annual fee.

“They believe they’re going to get a good deal if they keep that card and use it—and that’s what makes these ecosystems so powerful,” Fred said.